The Art of Crystalline Glazing: Basic Techniques
Index
alumina, 32, 124
application of glaze, 46
brush marks, 46
by brushing, 53
by pouring, 53
by spraying, 53, 123
multilayers, 53, 104
noncrystalline, 73
on greenware, 21
over stoneware glaze, 53
reglazing, 116
thickness, 46, 48, 53, 113, 123
measuring tool, 48, 49
too thick, 46
too thin, 46, 123, 124
ball milling, 43, 53, 113
bisque firing, 21
boron, 32
catch basin, 72, 79
for test shape, 21
how to make it, 79
size, 79
clay bodies, 17-25
defects, 21
earthenware, 19
effect on color, 103
effect on glaze, 17
form, 22
key to photos, 147
maturing temperature, 18
moist clay, 19
paper clay, 25
porcelain, 18
recipes, 20
slip, 19
stoneware, 18
suitable, 17, 18
surface, 19, 22
CMC, 44, 123
how to mix it, 45
cobalt
colorant, 99
secondary crystals, 135
colorants, 90-105
commercial stains, 90 91, 93
chromium free, 92
using, 91
effects of base glaze, 90, 103
effects of bodies, 103
effects on firing temperature, 102
how to use them, 96
in high-fire glazes, 90-105
in low-fire glazes, 110
metallic oxides, 90, 95, 98-102
amounts used, 99
chromium, 99
cobalt, 99
copper, 99
iron, 99
manganese, 99
nickel, 99
using, 95
recommendations for, 100, 101
controller
electronic, 12, 63, 81, 142
high-limit, 142crazing, 125
crystals
effects of body on, 17
effects of firing on, 59
formation, 12
monitoring growth of, 81
quantity, 35, 58, 70, 113
altering, 113-115
reproducibility, 59
rough surface, 124
seeds for, 58, 59, 113
shape, 60, 62, 63
size, 25, 35, 55, 60, 113
altering, 113-118
earthenware, 19
electronic controller, 12, 63, 81, 142
equipment, 139-142
kiln, 81, 139-142
pyrometer, 63, 81, 141, 142 scales, 142
firing, 62-65, 81-83
atmosphere
neutral, 130
oxidation, 81, 130
reduction, 130
electric, 81
gas, 81
how to do it, 64
kiln loading, 81
once-fired, 21
overfired, 65, 123
refiring, 116
underfired, 65, 124
firing schedules, 55-79
altering, 65, 113-118
basic schedule, 55
crystal-growing temperature, 55-58, 60, 124
altering, 116
determining, 60, 65
factors affecting, 58, 59
high-fire, 67, 68
initial heating phase, 55, 70, 123
low-fire, 111
maximum temperature, 59, 60
altering, 107, 113
determining, 65
effects of colorants on, 102
optimal, determining, 65, 66
frit, 29, 31
advantages, 29, 31
commercial, 29, 31, 108
Ferro 3110, 31 , 38-41, 108, 109
Ferro 3124, 109
Ferro 3269, 109
Pemco P25, 109
Pemco P283, 109
Gerstley borate, 21
reduces firing temperature, 107
glaze
application, see application of glaze
categories, 29coloring, see colorants
commercialDawnmist Studio, 27, 37
Laguna Clay Co., 27, 37, 108
crazing, 125
defects, 116
crawling, 33, 123
crazing, 125
no crystals, 123
rough crystals, 124
shivering, 125
tiny crystals, 124
firing, see firing schedules
fit, 125correcting, 125-128
frit, see frit
important factors, 27ingredients, 32
alumina, 32,124
boron, 32 kaolin, measuring accuracy, 35ranges of amounts, 38
silica, 32, 33, 38
titanium dioxide, 14, 34, 38 water-soluble, 29zinc, 12,31,32,35,38
initial choice, 35low-fire, 12, 107-111
maximum temperature, 59, 60mixing, 43-46
modifying, 116
not suitable for food, 27
recipes
altering, 113, 115
high fire, 37-41
low-fire, 108, 109
suspension techniques, 44
thermal expansion, 125
glaze recipes
changes from original, 13, 14
high fire, 37-41
low-fire, 108, 109
notes, 14
grinding and polishing, 87
how to do it, 88
halos, 61
creating, 61, 70
high-limit controller, 142
kaolin, 34
calcined, 34
how to do it, 34
source of alumina, 34
kiln, 81, 139-142
ammeter, 140, 141
controller, 12, 63, 81, 142
desirable features, 140electric, 139
gas, 139
high-limit controller, 142
loading, 81, 82pyrometer, 63m 81, 141, 142
requirements, 139kiln wash, high-temp, 72
how to mix it, 74
recipes, 72
lithium carbonate
reduces firing temperature, 107
low-fire glazes, 12, 107-111
colorants, 110
crystal size, 107
firing schedules, 111
Laguna Clay Co., 107
recipes, 108, 109
lusters, 116
mixing glazes, 43-46
ball milling, 43
how to do it, 47
liquid, 43-46
amount, 46
CMC solution, 44, 45
water, 43
sifting, 47, 53
suspension techniques, 44
nickel
colorant, 99
secondary crystals, 135
Norton, F.H., 57
oxygen probe, 139
pedestals, 72, 73, 75-78
flattening, 75, 77
how to make them, 76
removing
how to do it, 86
techniques, 85
photographs, key to, 147-149
clay body, 147
colorants, 147
firing schedules, 147, 148
glaze, 147
glaze thickness, 147
porcelain, 18
recipes, 20
problems
common, 122
crazing, 125
crystals too small, 124
glaze crawling, 122, 123
no crystals, 123
rough surface, 124
shivering, 125
pyrometer, 63, 81, 141, 142
analog, 141
digital, 141
recipes
changes from originals, 13, 14
glaze, see glaze, recipes
porcelain, 20record keeping, 15
reduction firing, 130-134
in electric kiln, 133-134
in gas kiln, 133
materials, 133
purpose, 130
safety, 134
techniques
during cool down, 133
multiple firings, 133
rutile, see titanium dioxide
safety
chemical hazards, 144
eye protection, 82, 88
general rules, 144
references, 145
ventilation, 144, 145
Safety notes, 144
scales
accuracy, 142
digital, 142
triple-beam-balance, 142
secondary crystals, 135-137
definition, 135
growing, 136
influences on, 136
types, 135
silica, 32, 33, 38
stoneware, 18
strontium carbonate
reduces firing temperature, 107
suppliers, 153
temperature
cones to degrees, 37, 108
controlling, 63
electronic, 63
manual, 63
schedules, see firing schedules
test shapes, 21-23
cast, 21, 22
how to form them, 23
moist clay, 21
thermocouple
platinum, 141
type K, 141
titanium dioxide, 14, 34, 38
amount, 38, 113, 115
rutile, 14, 34
units of measurement, 15
willemite, 12, 32
zinc, 12, 31, 32, 35, 38
amount, 38, 102
calcined, 32-34
advantages, 33
how to do it, 34
coarse, 32, 35
forms of, 32